Plant Disease
High SeverityAffects: Cotton · August–November (boll development stage is peak risk period)
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Helicoverpa armigera (American bollworm); Pectinophora gossypiella (Pink bollworm — Bt-resistant)
American bollworm: entry holes in green bolls, frass visible. Pink bollworm (PBW): 'rosette' flowers that don't open; internal feeding of developing seeds in bolls; late-season lint damage.
Use Bt cotton hybrids (effective against H. armigera but PBW resistance increasing). Pheromone traps at 5/acre for early detection. Refuge crop (non-Bt cotton or other host) mandatory. Destroy crop residues promptly after harvest.
Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) 0.4ml/L for bollworm. For PBW-resistant populations: thiodicarb or quinalphos. Avoid pyrethroids — widespread resistance in both species.
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